Leading Clever Perople

HBR Spotlight How to Manage the Most Talented How do you manage people who don’t want to be led and may be smarter than you? CLEVER PEOPLE by Rob Goffee and Gareth Jones LEADING F ranz Humer, the CEO and chairman of the Swiss pharma- ceutical giant Roche, knows how dif? cult it is to ? nd good ideas. â€Å"In my business of research, economies of scale don’t exist,† he says. â€Å"Globally today we spend $4 billion on R&D every year. In research there aren’t economies of scale, there are economies of ideas. For a growing number of companies, according to Humer, competitive advantage lies in the ability to create an economy driven not by cost ef? ciencies but by ideas and intellectual know-how. In practice this means that leaders have to create an environment in which what we call â€Å"clever people† can thrive. These people are the handful of employees whose ideas, knowledge, and skills give them the potential to produce disproportionate value fro m the resources their organizations make available to them. Think, for example, of the software Stephen Webster 72 Harvard Business Review | March 2007 | hbr. orgHBR Spotlight How to Manage the Most Talented programmer who creates a new piece of code or the pharmaceutical researcher who formulates a new drug. Their single innovations may bankroll an entire company for a decade. Top executives today nearly all recognize the importance of having extremely smart and highly creative people on staff. But attracting them is only half the battle. As Martin Sorrell, the chief executive of WPP, one of the world’s largest communications services companies, told us recently,â€Å"One of the biggest challenges is that there are diseconomies of scale in creative industries.If you double the number of creative people, it doesn’t mean you will be twice as creative. † You must not only attract talent but also foster an environment in which your clever people are inspired to ach ieve their fullest potential in a way that produces wealth and value for all your stakeholders. That’s tough. If clever people have one de? ning characteristic, it is that they do not want to be led. This clearly creates a problem for you as a leader. The challenge has only become greater with globalization.Clever people are more mobile than ever before; they are as likely to be based in Bangalore or Beijing as in Boston. That means they have more opportunities: They’re not waiting around for their pensions; they know their value, and they expect you to know it too. We have spent the past 20 years studying the issue of leadership–in particular, what followers want from their leaders. Our methods are sociological, and our data come from case studies rather than anonymous random surveys. Our predominant method consists of loosely structured interviews, lever people is very different from the one they have with traditional followers. Clever people want a high degre e of organizational protection and recognition that their ideas are important. They also demand the freedom to explore and fail. They expect their leaders to be intellectually on their plane–but they do not want a leader’s talent and skills to outshine their own. That’s not to say that all clever people are alike, or that they follow a single path. They do, however, share a number of de? ning characteristics. Let’s take a look at some of those now.Understanding Clever People Contrary to what we have been led to believe in recent years, CEOs are not utterly at the mercy of their highly creative and extremely smart people. Of course, some very talented individuals – artists, musicians, and other free agents – can produce remarkable results on their own. In most cases, however, clever people need the organization as much as it needs them. They cannot function effectively without the resources it provides. The classical musician needs an orchest ra; the research scientist needs funding and the facilities of a ? st-class laboratory. They need more than just resources, however; as the head of development for a global accounting ? rm put it, your clever people â€Å"can be sources of great ideas, but unless they have systems and discipline they may deliver very little. † That’s the good news. The bad news is that all the resources and systems in the world are useless unless you have clever If clever people have one de? ning characteristic, it is that they do not want to be led. This clearly creates a problem for you as a leader. and our work draws primarily from ? e contexts: sciencebased businesses, marketing services, professional services, the media, and ? nancial services. For this article, we spoke with more than 100 leaders and their clever people at leading organizations such as PricewaterhouseCoopers, Electronic Arts, Cisco Systems, Credit Suisse, Novartis, KPMG, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) , WPP, and Roche.The more we talked to these people, the clearer it became that the psychological relationship leaders have with their people to make the most of them. Worse, they know very well that you must mploy them to get their knowledge and skills. If an organization could capture the knowledge embedded in clever people’s minds and networks, all it would need is a better knowledge-management system. The failure of such systems to capture tacit knowledge is one of the great disappointments of knowledge-management initiatives to date. The attitudes that clever people display toward their organizations re? ect their sense of self-worth. We’ve found most Rob Goffee ([email  protected] edu) is a professor of organizational behavior at London Business School in England. Gareth Jones ([email  protected] london. du) is a visiting professor at Insead in Fontainebleau, France, and a fellow of the Centre for Management Development at London Business School. Goffee and J ones are also the founding partners of Creative Management Associates, an organizational consulting ? rm in London. Their HBR article â€Å"Managing Authenticity† was published in December 2005. 74 Harvard Business Review | March 2007 | hbr. org Leading Clever People of them to be scornful of the language of hierarchy. Although they are acutely aware of the salaries and bonuses attached to their work, they often treat promotions with indifference or even contempt.So don’t expect to lure or retain them with fancy job titles and new responsibilities. They will want to stay close to the â€Å"real work,† often to the detriment of relationships with the people they are supposed to be managing. This doesn’t mean they don’t care about status–they do, often passionately. The same researcher who affects not to know his job title may insist on being called â€Å"doctor†or â€Å"professor. † The point is that clever people feel they are part of an external professional community that renders the organizational chart meaningless. Not only do they gain career bene? s from networking, but they construct their sense of self from the feedback generated by these extra-organizational connections. This indifference to hierarchy and bureaucracy does not make clever people politically naive or disconnected. The chairman of a major news organization told us about a globally famous journalist – an exemplar of the very clever and skeptical people driving the news business–who in the newsroom appears deeply suspicious of everything the â€Å"suits† are doing. But in reality he is astute about how the company is being led and what strategic direction it is taking.While publicly expressing disdain for the business side, he privately asks penetrating questions about the organization’s growth prospects and relationships with important customers. He is also an outspoken champion of the organization in its dealings with politicians, media colleagues, and customers. You wouldn’t invite him to a strategy meeting with a 60-slide PowerPoint presentation, but you would be wise to keep him informed of key developments in the business. Like the famous journalist, most clever people are quick to recognize insincerity and respond badly to it.David Gardner, the COO of worldwide studios for Electronic Arts (EA), knows this because he oversees a lot of clever people. EA has 7,200 employees worldwide developing interactive entertainment software derived from FIFA Soccer, The Sims, The Lord of the Rings, and Harry Potter, among others. â€Å"If I look back at our failures,† Gardner told us,â€Å"they have been when there were too many rah-rahs and not enough content in our dealings with our people. People are not fooled. So when there are issues or things that need to be worked out, straightforward dialogue is important, out of respect for their intellectual capabilities. †Seve n Things You Need to Know About Clever People Leaders should be aware of the characteristics most clever people share, which collectively make them a dif? cult crew to manage. 1. They know their worth. The tacit skills of clever people are closer to those of medieval guilds than to the standardized, codi? able, and communicable skills that characterized the Industrial Revolution. This means you can’t transfer the knowledge without the people. 2. They are organizationally savvy. Clever people will ? nd the company context in which their interests will be most generously funded. If the funding dries up, they have a couple of options:They can move on to a place where resources are plentiful, or they can dig in and engage in elaborate politics to advance their pet projects. 3. They ignore corporate hierarchy. If you seek to motivate clever people with titles or promotions, you will probably be met with cold disdain. But don’t assume this means they don’t care about status; they can be very particular about it, and may insist on being called â€Å"doctor† or â€Å"professor. † 4. They expect instant access. If clever people don’t get access to the CEO, they may think the organization does not take their work seriously. 5. They are well connected.Clever people are usually plugged into highly developed knowledge networks; who they know is often as important as what they know. These networks both increase their value to the organization and make them more of a ? ight risk. 6. They have a low boredom threshold. In an era of employee mobility, if you don’t engage your clever people intellectually and inspire them with organizational purpose, they will walk out the door. 7. They won’t thank you. Even when you’re leading them well, clever people will be unwilling to recognize your leadership. Remember, these creative individuals feel that they don’t need to be led.Measure your success by your ability to remain on the fringes of their radar. Managing Organizational â€Å"Rain† Given their mind-set, clever people see an organization’s administrative machinery as a distraction from their key valueadding activities. So they need to be protected from what we call organizational â€Å"rain† – the rules and politics associated with any big-budget activity. When leaders get this right, they hbr. org | March 2007 | Harvard Business Review 75 HBR Spotlight How to Manage the Most Talented can establish exactly the productive relationship with clever people that they want.In an academic environment, this is the dean freeing her star professor from the burden of departmental administration; at a newspaper, it is the editor allowing the investigative reporter to skip editorial meetings; in a fast-moving multinational consumer goods company, it is the leader ? ltering requests for information from the head of? ce so the consumer pro? ler is free to experiment with a n ew marketing plan. Organizational rain is a big issue in the pharmaceutical business. Drug development is hugely expensive – industrywide, the average cost of bringing a drug to market is about $800 million – and not every drug can go the distance.As a result, the politics surrounding a decision can be ferocious. Unless the CEO provides cover, promising projects may be permanently derailed, and the people involved may lose con? dence in the organization’s ability to support them. The protective role is one that Arthur D. Levinson, Genentech’s CEO and a talented scientist in his own right, knows how to play. When the drug Avastin failed in Phase III clinical trials in 2002, Genentech’s share price dropped by 10% 76 Harvard Business Review | overnight. Faced with that kind of pressure, some leaders would have pulled the plug on Avastin.Not Levinson: He believes in letting his clever people decide. Once or twice a year, research scientists have to def end their work to Genentech’s Research Review Committee, a group of 13 PhDs who decide how to allocate the research budget and whether to terminate projects. This gives rise to a rigorous debate among the clever people over the science and the direction of research. It also insulates Levinson from accusations of favoritism or short-termism. And if the RRC should kill a project, the researchers are not only not ? red, they are asked what they want to work on ext. Roche owns 56% of Genentech, and Franz Humer stands foursquare behind Levinson. Leading clever people, Humer told us, is especially dif? cult in hard times. â€Å"You can look at Genentech now and say what a great company,† he said,â€Å"but for ten years Genentech had no new products and spent between $500 million and $800 million on research every year. The pressure on me to close it down or change the culture was enormous. †Avastin was eventually approved in February 2004; in 2005 it had sales of $1. 13 billion. March 2007 | hbr. org Leading Clever PeopleHaving a leader who’s prepared to protect his clever people from organizational rain is necessary but not suf? cient. It’s also important to minimize the rain by creating an atmosphere in which rules and norms are simple and universally accepted. These are often called â€Å"representative rules,† from the classic Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, by the sociologist Alvin Gouldner, who distinguished among environments where rules are ignored by all (mock bureaucracy), environments where rules are imposed by one group on another (punishment-centered bureaucracy), and environments where rules are accepted by all (representative bureaucracy).Representative rules, including risk rules in banks, sabbatical rules in academic institutions, and integrity rules in professional services ? rms, are precisely the ones that clever people respond to best. Savvy leaders take steps to streamline rules and to promote a cul ture that values simplicity. A well-known example is Herb Kelleher, the CEO of Southwest Airlines, who threw the company’s rule book out the window. Another is Greg Dyke, who when he was the director general of the BBC discovered a mass of bureaucratic rules, often contradictory, which produced an infuriating organizational immobilisme.Nothing could be better calculated to discourage the clever people on whom the reputation and future success of the BBC depended. Dyke launched an irreverent â€Å"cut the crap† program, liberating creative energy while exposing those who had been blaming the rules for their own inadequacies. He creatively engaged employees in the campaign–for example, suggesting that they pull out a yellow card (used to caution players in soccer games) whenever they encountered a dysfunctional rule. Recruiting People with the Right Stuff Clever people require a peer group of like-minded individuals. Universities have long understood this.Hire a s tar professor and you can be sure the aspiring young PhDs in that discipline will ? ock to your institution. This happens in business as well. In the investment banking world, everyone watches where the cleverest choose to work. Goldman Sachs, for example, cherishes its reputation as the home of the brightest and best; a bank that seeks to overtake it must be positioned as a place where cleverness thrives. For this reason, the CEOs of companies that rely on clever people keep a close watch on the recruiting of stars. Bill Gates always sought out the cleverest software programmers for Microsoft.From the start, Gates insisted that his company required the very best minds; he understood that they act as a magnet for other clever people. Sometimes he intervened personally in the recruitment process: A particularly talented programmer who needed a little additional persuasion to join the company might receive a personal call from Gates. Very ? attering – and very effective. Althou gh you need to recruit clever stars, you must also make sure that your culture celebrates clever ideas. In an effort to create stars, some media organizations divide their employees into â€Å"creatives† and administrative support staff.That’s a big mistake. It makes about as much sense as recruiting men only – you automatically cut your talent pool in half. The ad agency Bartle Bogle Hegarty doesn’t make this mistake. Many of its most successful executives started as assistants but were given the space to grow and express their cleverness. Not surprisingly, BBH has long been regarded as one of the most creative ad agencies in the world. At the heart of its corporate culture is the maxim â€Å"Respect ideas, wherever they come from. † Letting a Million Flowers Bloom Companies whose success depends on clever people don’t place all their bets n a single horse. For a large company like Roche, that simple notion drives big decisions about corpor ate control and M&A. That’s why Humer decided to sell off a large stake in Genentech. â€Å"I insisted on selling 40% on the stock market,† he told us. â€Å"Why? Because I wanted to preserve the company’s different culture. I believe in diversity: diversity of culture, diversity of origin, diversity of behavior, and diversity of view. † For similar reasons, Roche limits its ownership of the Japanese pharmaceutical company Chugai to 51%.By keeping the clever people in all three companies at arm’s length, Humer can be con? ent that they will advance different goals: â€Å"My people in the Roche research organization decide on what they think is right and wrong. I hear debates where the Genentech researchers say,‘This program you’re running will never lead to a product. You are on the wrong target. This is the wrong chemical structure–it will prove to be toxic. ’ And my guys say, ‘No, we don’t think so. â€⠄¢ And the two views never meet. So I say to Genentech, ‘You do what you want, and we will do what we want at Roche, and in ? ve years’ time we will know. Sometimes you will be right and sometimes we will be right. † Maintaining that diversity is Humer’s most challenging task; there is always pressure within a large organization to unify and to direct from above. Companies that value diversity are not afraid of failure. Like venture capitalists, they know that for every successful hbr. org | March 2007 | Harvard Business Review 77 HBR Spotlight How to Manage the Most Talented The Traitorous Eight Ineffective leadership of clever people can be costly. Consider the cautionary tale of William Shockley, a London-born research scientist who worked at Bell Labs after World War II.In 1947 Shockley was recognized as a coinventor of the transistor, and in 1956 he was awarded a Nobel Prize. He left Bell Labs in 1955 and founded Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, in M ountain View, California. His academic reputation attracted some of the cleverest people in electronics, including Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore (of Moore’s Law fame). Shockley was blessed with a brilliant mind. Noyce described him as a â€Å"marvelous intuitive problem solver, and Moore said he had a † â€Å"phenomenal physical intuition. But his leadership † skills fell far short of his intellectual brilliance.On one occasion Shockley asked some of his younger employees how he might stoke their enthusiasm. Several expressed a wish to publish research papers. So Shockley went home, wrote a paper, and the next day offered to let them publish it under their own names. He meant well but led poorly. On another occasion, Shockley instituted a secret â€Å"project within a project. Although only 50 or so peo† ple were employed in his laboratory, the group assigned to work on his new idea (which, according to Shockley, had the potential to rival the transistor) was not allowed to discuss the project with other colleagues.It wasn’t long before rumblings of discontent at Shockley’s leadership style turned mutinous. The situation deteriorated and a disenchanted group – â€Å"the Traitorous Eight† – left to found Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 Fairchild revolutionized computing . through its work on the silicon transistor. It also threw off a slew of clever people who went on to start up or develop some of the best-known companies in the industry: Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore (Intel), Jerry Sanders (Advanced Micro Devices), and Charlie Sporck (National Semiconductor) were all former employees of Fairchild.Through his poor leadership, Shockley inadvertently laid the cornerstone of Silicon Valley. He brought together some of the best scientists in the ? eld of electronics, many of whom might otherwise not have remained in the region. And he created conditions that provoked his brilliant employees to strike out on their own. new pharmaceutical product, dozens have failed; for every hit record, hundreds are duds. The assumption, obviously, is that the successes will more than recover the costs of the failures. Take the case of the drinks giant Diageo.Detailed analysis of customer data indicated an opening in the market for an alcoholic beverage with particular appeal to younger consumers. Diageo experimented with many potential products–beginning with predictable combinations like rum and coke, rum and blackcurrant juice, gin and tonic, vodka and fruit juice. None of them seemed to work. After almost a dozen tries, Diageo’s clever people tried something riskier: citrus-? avored vodka. Smirnoff Ice was born – a product that has contributed to a fundamental change in its market sector.It’s easy to accept the necessity of failure in theory, but each failure represents a setback for the clever people who gambled on it. Smart leaders will help their clever people to l ive with their failures. Some years ago, when three of Glaxo’s high-tech antibiotics all failed in the ? nal stages of clinical trial, Richard Sykes – who went on to become chairman of Glaxo Wellcome and later of GlaxoSmithKline – sent letters of congratulation to the team leaders, thanking them for their hard work but also for killing the drugs, and encouraging them to move on to the next challenge.EA’s David Gardner, too, recognizes that his business is â€Å"hit driven,† but he realizes that not even his most gifted game developers will always produce winners. He sees his job as supporting his successful people – providing them with space and helping them move on from failed projects to new and better work. Smart leaders also recognize that the best ideas don’t always come from company projects. They enable their clever people to pursue private efforts because they know there will be payoffs for the company, some direct (new busine ss opportunities) and some indirect (ideas that can be applied in the workplace).This tradition originated in organizations like 3M and Lockheed, which allowed employees to pursue pet projects on company time. Google is the most recent example: Re? ecting the entrepreneurial spirit of its founders, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, employees may spend one day a week on their own start-up ideas, called Googlettes. This is known as the â€Å"20% time. †(Genentech has a similar policy. ) The result is innovation at a speed that puts large bureaucratic organizations to shame. The Google-af? liated social-networking Web site Orkut is just one project that began as a Googlette.Establishing Credibility Although it’s important to make your clever people feel independent and special, it’s equally important to make sure they recognize their interdependence: You and other people in the organization can do things that they can’t. Laura Tyson, who served in the Clinton admi nistration and has been the dean of London Business School since 2002, says, 78 Harvard Business Review | March 2007 | hbr. org Leading Clever People â€Å"You must help clever people realize that their cleverness doesn’t mean they can do other things.They may overestimate their cleverness in other areas, so you must show that you are competent to help them. †To do this you must clearly demonstrate that you are an expert in your own right. Depending on what industry you are in, your expertise will be either supplementary (in the same ? eld) or complementary (in a different ? eld) to your clever people’s expertise. At a law ? rm, the emphasis is on certi? cation as a prerequisite for practice; at an advertising agency, it’s originality of ideas. It would be hard to lead a law ? rm without credentials.You can lead an advertising agency with complementary skills–handling commercial relationships with clients, for instance, while your clever people wri te great copy. A man we’ll call Tom Nelson, who was the marketing director of a major British brewer, is a good example of a leader Beckham, to practice a particular maneuver. When Beckham couldn’t do it, Hoddle – once a brilliant international player himself – said, â€Å"Here, I’ll show you how. † He performed the maneuver ? awlessly, but in the process he lost the support of his team: The other players saw his move as a public humiliation of Beckham, and they wanted no part of that.The same dynamic has played out many times in business; the experience of William Shockley is perhaps the most dramatic, and tragic, example (see the sidebar â€Å"The Traitorous Eight†). How do you avoid this kind of situation? One highly effective way is to identify and relate to an informed insider among your clever people – someone willing to serve as a sort of anthropologist, interpreting the culture and sympathizing with those who seek to un derstand it. This is especially important for newly recruited leaders. Parachuting in at the top and accurately reading an organization is hard work. One leader weIf you try to push your clever people, you will end up driving them away. As many leaders of highly creative people have learned, you need to be a benevolent guardian rather than a traditional boss. with complementary skills. Nelson was no expert on traditional brewing techniques or real ales. But he was known throughout the organization as â€Å"Numbers Nelson† for his grasp of the ? rm’s sales and marketing performance, and was widely respected. Nelson had an almost uncanny ability to quote, say, how many barrels of the company’s beer had been sold the previous day in a given part of the country.His clear mastery of the business side gave him both authority and credibility, so the brewers took his opinions about product development seriously. For example, Nelson’s reading of market tastes led to the company’s development of low-alcohol beers. Leaders with supplementary expertise are perhaps more commonplace: Microsoft’s Bill Gates emphasizes his abilities as a programmer. Michael Critelli, the CEO of Pitney Bowes, holds a number of patents in his own name. Richard Sykes insisted on being called Dr. Sykes.The title gave him respect within the professional community to which his clever people belonged – in a way that being the chairman of a multinational pharmaceutical company did not. But credentials–especially if they are supplementary–are not enough to win acceptance from clever people. Leaders must exercise great care in displaying them so as not to demotivate their clever employees. A former national soccer coach for England, Glenn Hoddle, asked his star player, David spoke to admitted that he initially found the winks, nudges, and silences of his new employees completely baf? ng. It took an interpreter – someone who had worke d among the clever people for years – to explain the subtle nuances. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Martin Sorrell likes to claim that he uses reverse psychology to lead his â€Å"creatives† at WPP: â€Å"If you want them to turn right, tell them to turn left. † His comment reveals an important truth about managing clever people. If you try to push them, you will end up driving them away. As many leaders of extremely smart and highly creative people have learned, you need to be a benevolent guardian rather than a traditional boss.You need to create a safe environment for your clever employees; encourage them to experiment and play and even fail; and quietly demonstrate your expertise and authority all the while. You may sometimes begrudge the time you have to devote to managing them, but if you learn how to protect them while giving them the space they need to be productive, the reward of watching your clever people ? ourish and your organization accomplish its mission w ill make the effort worthwhile. Reprint R0703D To order, see page 145. hbr. org | March 2007 | Harvard Business Review 79

Local Literature Essay

Personality is the sum of one’s personal characteristics. It is one’s identity. The teachers, more than any other professional are momentarily subjected to scrutiny to the minutest detail and observation by those they associate with. Teachers are judged more strictly than the other professionals. The personality they project determined the impressions they make upon students’ and colleagues. Their poise, bearing and manner of dressing create a stunning and attractive appearance. Their facial expression communicates a friendly and amiable disposition. Personalities may be described as authoritative, weak, dynamic, or â€Å"magnetic†. Teachers’ personality must be natural and genuine, that is, devoid of pretenses and artificiality. They must be consistent, true and authentic. (Corpuz & Salandanan, 2006 p.12) In the highly complex world of human relations, it is essential that the conscientious teachers be concerned not only with how students’ interact with her but how they interact with their peers and with other adults. But concern is not enough. Little can be accomplished until students’ problems pertaining to human relations have been identified. (Salandanan, 2010 p.18) Once the teachers is more aware with the social relationships among her students’ she is in the better position to select a technique for teaching human relations. Toward this end, the teacher must first identify students’ problems pertaining to human relations. The identification such problem gives the teacher a basis for considering what techniques for improving human relations she might employ. (â€Å"Teaching techniques for improving human relations†, p.459 n.d) No single factor can contribute more to an improved student achievement than the guarantee of a quality teacher in every classroom. No amount of classroom facilities and instructional materials can produced the desired learning outcome without a teacher at the center stage. Quality is synonymous to competence, creativity and commitment, contextualized in the teaching profession. Competence highlights a teacher’s adequate knowledge, proficient skills and trustworthiness. Creativity is a kin to originality,  flexibility and innovativeness. Worthwhile values of compassion and commitment provide the fine ingredients that make teaching truly humane and enriched with a sincere feeling of accountability. Quality teachers’ can be found in our schools today. Adequately prepared through quality pre-service programs and continually motivated to grow while in the service, their competence to teach is assured. The attitudes and values that they project in and out of the classrooms, in the home and community, provide positively and satisfactorily the answer to the perennial search for quality teachers. As paragons of virtues and progressive attitudes, they truly deserve the priceless rewards, recognition and emulation of the whole nation. With full pride and confidence, every parent and community can lay upon their chests the growth and nurturance of their sons and daughters for a promising future. (â€Å"Quality teacher†, p.7-11 n.d) The teacher rightfully deserves to be enthroned at the center stage of any educational endeavor. She is the distinct ray of light that illumines the mind touches the heart and buoys aloft the spirit of the young. Every effort, initiative or enterprise aimed to educating the young needs a magic hand to provide the much-needed direction, guidance and energy throughout the educational journey. Assuming a number of roles that a leader, counselor, assistant and instructional manager, there is no task that demands more waking hours, strength and attention than the teaching-learning episode. Competent teachers produce competent students. The desire to grow and learn more and more is vital to the development of an exceptional proficiency and capability needed in the teaching profession. As a concluding statement, a definitive teacher personality is a picture of one who possesses outstanding mental, personal and social traits. Has a strong aptitude and interest in teaching the young, steep in worthwhile values and attitudes and competent in both content and teaching methodologies. The teacher with a definitive personality is bound to reach the minds and touch the hearts of the young. (Aquino, 2008 p. 35-38) Travis W. Twiford, Chair Mary E. Yakimowski-Srebnick Steven M. Janosik Louis O. Tonelson Stephen Parson (2012) â€Å"The Influence of Teaching Methods on Student Achievement on Virginia’s End of Course Standards of Learning Test for Algebra I† Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Virginia Beach, Virginia. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10062002-202857/unrestricted/HAASDISSERTATION.PDF SYED SHAFQAT ALI SHAH (2009) IMPACT OF TEACHER’S BEHAVIOUR ON THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. University Institute of Education and Research. Rawalpindi, Pakistan. http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Thesis/293S.pdf Amy C. Thomason (2011) TEACHER PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS: CONTRIBUTIONS TO EMOTIONAL SUPPORT AND BEHAVIOR GUIDANCE IN EARLY CHILDHOOD CLASSROOMS. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. North Carolina. http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/Thomason_uncg_0154D_10586.pdf Chang, Ya-Ching, â€Å"Students’ Percepti ons of Teaching Styles and Use of Learning Strategies. † Master’s Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2010. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/782 Sylvie Marguerite Raymond (2008).Effective and Ineffective University Teaching from the Students’ and Faculty’s Perspectives: Matched or Mismatched Expectations. University of Exeter. Doctor of Education. https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/40767/RaymondS.pdf?sequence=1 Jeffrey Sprenger (n.d).STRESS AND COPING BEHAVIORS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS. Health Education and Promotion. http://thescholarship.ecu.edu/bitstream/handle/10342/3548/Sprenger_ecu_0600M_10405.pdf?sequence=1 UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS Abejuela R., almeniana C., Caballero J., Gomez N., Salles M. (2007). Teaching Beliefs and Teaching Intentions of Daycare Teachers. College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Acuà ±a L., Gadia M., Gaspar R., Rodrigo J., (2008). Academic achievement of selected education students involved in extracurricular activities. College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Aguilar A., Basibas K., Castillo R., Cruz M., Pontiyon A., et al (2007).Non-intellective factors affecting the Academic Performance of Freshman High School Students in Mathematics at Sta. Lucia High School.School year 2006-2007.College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Balle M., Feraaro L., Guinto J., Palaming I., Umali C. (2011).Level of Social Skills and Academic Achievement of Selected Grade II Pupil. College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Banzuela R., Pumas M., Peckson W. (2006).Self-Conceptand Academic Performance in Mathematics of Selected Pinagbuhatan High School Freshmen.College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Barreno C., Casuga M., Intalan P., Ocampo D., (2007).Motivation on Teaching among First Year Bachelor of Elementary Education Students. College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Bartolome J., Borlagdatan M., Cinco A. and Tumonog L., (2013).Teaching Strategies of Secondary Mathematics Teachers in Elementary Algebra and its Relation in the Performance of the Students.College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Benito G., De leon M., Baga R., (2004).Teachers morale and work motivation at Pasig Central Elementary School Pasig City.College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Calià ±go J., Laguitan L., Nagales M. and Tingson S., (2006). â€Å"The Relationship between the Self-Esteem and Achievement Motivation of selected College Freshmen. College of education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Castillo A., Santos K., Beltran L., Dueà ±as J., Ibardo I. (2006).â€Å"The relationship between Students Learning Styles and their Expectation of Relationship with Faculty.College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Conise C., Rivera M., Vinarao M. (2008). Attitude Towards Teaching Profession and Level of Pedagogical Knowledge among Third year and Fourth year Education Students. College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Cruz L., Ruiz A., Umali M., (2012). Self-perceived difficulty and expectation of peer teacher and parents to the performance of third year geometry students.College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Cruz P., Hernando M., Jimenez S. (2008). â€Å"Perception on English Teacher Quality and Use of Instructional Media among third year students of three secondary schools.College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Dayandante G., Echual M., Gavileà ±o J., Mangalus S., Telmo M., (2008). Perception on the Quality of Tests Administered to selected Freshmen Students. College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. De Guzman J., Facistol R., Lorenzo A., Pascua J., Pelisigas R., et al (2009). Relationship of Achievement and Attitude Motivation‚ Anxiety and Aptitude in Mathematics.College of Education‚ PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. De Leon T.‚ Delmindo K.‚ Ebot M.‚ Maà ±oso E.‚ Otayco J. (2007).â€Å"The Relationship between Trust in and Respect for Teachers and Student autonomy and Influence in the Classroom†.College of Education‚ PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Laurente J.‚ Lumbao J.‚ Meà ±oza R.‚ Miguel K.‚ Nicolas L.‚ et al (2010). Relationship of Teacher’s Profile‚ Instructional Materials and Instructional Methods used Teachers Teaching Styles and Mean Score in the National Achievement Test of Napico Elementary School. College of Education‚ PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Molar V., (2010).Teachers’ Personality and Pupils’ Learning Behavior of Grade Five at Nagpayong Elementary School S.Y. 2009-2010; an assessment. College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn – 3

Ernest Hemingway probably summed it up best when he said, â€Å"All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn† (source). We’re dealing with quite a book here. Published in 1885, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain’s follow-up to the Adventures of Tom Sawyer, carved new territory into the American literary landscape in several ways. As one of the first novels to use a specific region’s vernacular in its narration, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn set a precedent for many other distinctly American works to follow. Some readers didn’t exactly â€Å"get† this new colloquial style, however.Accustomed to the proper prose of Hawthorne, Thoreau, and Emerson, some readers didn’t know what to do with Huck’s particular way of storytelling. Aside from the novel’s new style of writing, Twain’s decision to use thirteen-year-old Huck as the narrator allowed him to include certain con tent that a more civilized narrator probably would have left out. At first, Twain’s novel was labeled crass by some readers. The book was even banned in schools for its use of the n-word which is ironic, given that the novel is up in arms over slavery. Even today, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn makes â€Å"Banned Books† lists.Twain’s novel jumped head first into one of the biggest issues of its day: racism. Although the Emancipation Proclamation had been signed over two decades before Huckleberry Finn’s original publication date, African-Americans everywhere were still victims of oppression and racism. They were technically â€Å"free,† but often by name only in Reconstruction-era America. Many southerners were bitter about the outcome of the Civil War. By guiding his characters through several states of the Confederacy, Twain was able to reveal the hypocrisy of many pre-war southern communities.As a southerner himself, Twain had first-hand exp eriences to draw on, and he was able to walk the fine line between realistic depiction and ironic farce. Not to mention, Twain created the now-iconic character of Jim, a runaway slave who convinces Huck that African-Americans are deserving of freedom, and that equality is a goal for which we all should be fighting. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is now considered to be one of the Great American Novels, mostly due to how it so heartily champions the American ideals of freedom, independence, and rugged individualism.Huck’s dedication to his own moral standards and his bold sense of adventure and self-sufficiency have earned him a place in the All-American Hall of Fame. In addition, Twain is a hilarious storyteller, and the plot of this novel is a roller-coaster ride of moral dilemmas – so trust us when we say that if you haven’t taken the ride yet, you probably should. Why Should I Care? Mark Twain wrote Adventures of Huckleberry Finn twenty years after the Am erican Civil War. Slavery had been abolished, and the North and South were making up (albeit with some residual anger).So why publish a highly moralistic tale about a system that was no longer in place? Weren’t race issues a moot point once slavery was out of the picture? Hardly. Freedom didn’t mean equality by any means – not legally, socially, or practically. (See Shmoop History's â€Å"Jim Crow in America† for more. ) Actually, come to think of it, this isn’t an outdated notion at all. Rules and laws often don’t accurately reflect what’s really going on. From a legal standpoint today, we have equality of race; yet racism is still a problem.Men and women are equal, yet many still see a â€Å"glass ceiling† for women in the workplace, meaning they often have invisible boundaries to advancement. That doesn’t mean laws are useless. Laws may not immediately effect change, but we’ve seen that they do precede change. While laws can affect how people act, it takes more to change the way we think. We can’t rely on laws alone. That’s where The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn comes back into the picture. We need people like Mark Twain to remind us not to be self-congratulatory for starting a process in motion,

What are the key issues facing Public Service Broadcasting in the UK Essay

What are the key issues facing Public Service Broadcasting in the UK - Essay Example â€Å"Neither commercial nor state controlled, public broadcasting’s only raison d’à ªtre is public service. It is the public broadcasting organisation...[that] develop knowledge, broaden horizons and enable people to better understand themselves by better understanding the world and others† (World Radio and Television Council, 2002). At present in this highly technological and globalised world, the system of public service broadcasting is facing â€Å"declining budgets, audience fragmentation, and debate over their proper role† (Collins, et al., 2001). In the present context, on examination we will find that the PBS in UK is facing serious challenges from the issue of substantial downgrading of support from the public funds, and the entry of competitors along with new advanced technology into the world of media and communication. We will examine these very issues and explore various subjects to find out logical and workable solutions to these imminent problems, which threat the very existence of modern day UK PBS. In UK by the regulations of the Ofcom it is mandatory for BBC to have public service addresses, for all its television and radio stations, including the ones that have digital transmission. Besides these, other stations that transmit through the terrestrial analogue television like ITV and Channel 4 whose programs are transmitted to all of UK, that includes Scotland, Northern Ireland, England; FIVE and also SC4 in Wales, are bound to transmit programs that fall under the category of public service broadcasting, since these free to air channels are available to all citizens in UK. Under the Community Radio Order 2004, it is also mandatory for the 200 community Radio services to play the role of public service providers; the only exemption in this case are the commercial radios, which are allowed to transmit nominal or

Exile, loss, and alienation in Walcotts The Schooner Flight Essay

Exile, loss, and alienation in Walcotts The Schooner Flight - Essay Example The voice is conversational and narrative, at times detached, at times emotional, but always introspective. The poem also used sound and rhythm to reflect the sounds of the Caribbean’s ocean and the texture of their conflicted lives. The paper employs an eco-critical perspective and argues that the environment, both the nation and the sea, are depicted in different images, the nation both home and alien, while the sea, also uncertain, but lovelier because it allows flight and introspection. The paper argues that the writing poems and exploring the sea are similar to the process of exploring one’s individual and national identity that cannot be easily attained because of the Caribbean’s history of colonization and slavery that leads to themes of exile, loss, and alienation. Shabine experiences loss of identity because of being exiled and alienated in a nation where he is not considered white or black. Though he had personal conflicts with his division over his wif e (and their children) and Maria Conception, the poem also touches on socio-economic and political issues of slavery and lack of freedoms and rights in the Carribean. Clearly, Shabine is a divided individual, as divided as the structure of his poem that has enjambed lines and caesuras, but as a poet and a mariner, he left a positive image of being one with his true identity. Derek Walcott’s â€Å"The Schooner Flight,† published in1986 as part of the Collected Poems 1948-1984, depicts a schooner’s life, its making and his becoming. The speaker is a mariner mulatto, Shabine, who speaks as a poet and a â€Å"red nigger.† His diction and choice of words manifest both his education as a colonized object and a subject-poet. The iambic pentameter maximizes inner rhymes that express his frustrations and ideals as a mulatto and a poet. The paper uses eco-critical perspective and argues that the environment, both the nation and the sea, are depicted in different im ages, the nation both home and alien, while the sea, also uncertain, but lovelier because it allows flight and introspection. The narrative poem compares writing poems and exploring the sea as the convoluted process of exploring one’s individual and national identity that cannot be easily attained because of the Caribbean’s history of colonization and slavery that leads to themes of exile, loss, and alienation. Walcott used a mixture of English and Caribbean language and the diction of a seaman to portray his cross-cultural identity from a colonized viewpoint that can help explain his nomadic tendencies. He selected words that showed different factors that shaped and controlled his identity. Carenage is located in Saint Barthelemy in the Caribbean. He is an islander, but he wants to be more of a mariner, which is asserted when the title of the first stanza is â€Å"Adios, Carenage† (Walcott). By saying these words immediately, Shabine expresses his original inte ntion, to leave the island that is both alien and home to him. Shabine also used the word â€Å"bohbohl,† when he said: â€Å"But they had started to poison my soul/with their big house, big car, big-time bohbohl,† (Walcott, 1.30-31). â€Å"Bohbohl† means corruption that people in the government or anyone in power is involved with. It is a local word that describes local political issues. Shabine is tired of his nation’s corruption that he has been part of too. In addition, Meerzon (2012) argued that â€Å"The Schooner Flight† uses Shabine as a conduit for Walcott’s political and artistic ideas (p.76). Shabine expressed his racial and ethnic identity directly when

Macroeconomics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Macroeconomics - Assignment Example The main difference between GDP and GNP is that GDP measures total income in a nation, while GNP measures total income by a nation’s residents. GDP is the more widely relied upon statistic by business, policy makers and the public. The change in GDP is used to calculate whether a nation’s economy is expanding or contracting. As the broadest measure of a nation’s economic activity it indicates the overall health in the economy. As the broadest measure it is heavily relied upon by business and policy makers to plan as well set monetary and fiscal policy. While the general public may not use GDP because of the effects of GDP on business and policy officials they are impacted as well. For business leaders the main use of GDP is in planning and investment. One way business leaders can use GDP and GNP in combination is to determine where revenue is being earned. By comparing GDP to GNP they can determine whether there is growth in income is coming from domestic or foreign sources. GDP and GNP are also traditionally used in business cycle forecasting. By looking at the trends and changes in GDP it can allow businesses to plan for turns in the business cycle rather than simply reacting. These decisions have an impact upon the general public in the form of job creation or cut backs by businesses. For policy makers GDP is a signal used in creating monetary and fiscal policy as well as measuring its effectiveness. If the economy is growing too quickly policy makers can apply contractionary policy such as raising interest rates and taxes to cool the economy. If the economy is contracting they can then use expansionary policy, such as low interest rates, tax reductions and government investment to boost the economy. Government expenditures are of particular importance as they are directly taken into account in GDP. By increasing expenditures the government can turn a recession into an expansion single handedly. This

Death of a Salesman Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Death of a Salesman - Assignment Example Willy was consistent on his belief that the key to success is being well appreciated by others. He regrets how he led his life at the age of sixty and wished that he would have better earn money rather than caring about sentiments. (BookRags Book Notes. (2000-2009) Â  All his life, Willy made sure that he passed his own key to success to his sons: Happy and Biff. Biff was the eldest son and Willy tried hard to ensure he follows his father’s key to success in the business world. But Willy’s teachings were a failure for Biff as he couldn’t continue in the business world. He could not live up to his father’s expectations as reality was far harsher than his father made them believe. His life began to deteriorate. He is more liked by his father as he left the business world because he could not follow orders from others and Willy taught him to steal which was the reason for him to get caught now and then in the business arena. He works on the farmland and ranches. Biff knew his father has been lying to him the entire life and want to expose the lies, but Willy won’t let that happen. They would argue and fight whenever Biff gets home and subsequently Biff decided to leave home for good. The financial conditions of family worsened as Biff was incapable of holding a 9-5 job. (Wade Bradford) Â  The younger son Happy was ignored throughout Willy’s life. He kept assuring his parents that he will get married and will go far in business. But the reality is that he never does and is also a failure. Willy acted in front of his sons that he was a reputable, important, valued and victorious salesman so that his family love and envy him.

Strategy and Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategy and Position Paper - Essay Example Lagree fitness plan is an innovation that focuses on attaining optimum physical fitness through the use of technological inventions. Participants of the physical fitness plan are taken through a series of work out practices that enhance five major functionalities of their body. After going through the fitness plan, participants are guaranteed of efficient and highly functional respiratory system of their body as well as proper blood circulation all over the body. Participants are also able to acquire strength of their muscles and endurance. These exercises also shape the body and give it proper tone through loss of fat and growth of muscles. The technology used while exercising on the other hand ensures that the muscles are well stimulated by the exercises to attain maximum flexibility (Lagreefitness.com, 2015). Lagree fitness uses innovative and new technology that sets it apart from other fitness plans. The training is conducted by young motivated instructors like the staff of Brooklyn Bodyburn and has various packages like group plans which make it interactive (Brooklyn Bodyburn, 2015). The use of new patented technology in Lagree fitness plan makes it inaccessible to the general population, thus limiting the growth potential of the new innovation. All new companies that want to employ Lagree fitness plan must be trained and satisfied by Lagree, limiting its coverage. The existing opportunity for Lagree is the many gaps in the innovation of new technology supporting body fitness. If well advertised and marketed, there is sufficient potential for growth of the company and its products. The release of the documentary dubbed future of fitness by Lagree will showcase the new innovations to a wider range of clients. With frequent improvements and innovations, Lagree faces the most threat from new entrants in the body fitness industry. These new entrants may come up with more improved

The indigenous cultures of the Americas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The indigenous cultures of the Americas - Essay Example According to the historians, Holmberg spent his time in the 1940s among the Sirono tribes and decided to call them the most culturally backward people in the entire world. He stated that these tribes had no religion, no art or design, no musical instruments, no domestic animals and no clothes, and lived in constant hunger and want. They couldn’t even make fire or count to three. Mann decided to argue against these findings with deep respect. He stated that Holmberg thought that the people before Columbus had no real history, while he did not take into account that people before Columbus were just persecuted survivors and had been totally devastated with the smallpox and influenza in the 1920s. Mann detailed his personal experience with the pre-Columbian times history within the article that he discussed in his book, according to which he said that during his times in the high school, he learned that the Indians came over to the land of Americas over 12000 years ago across the Bering Strait, and these Indians lived in isolated and small groups and had little to no impact over the environment. As a result, the land of Americas remained wild and barren even after millennia of habitation. In the introduction of his book, he compares his research with Holmberg’s and initially it seems as if both are two different pieces altogether. However, after reading the entire book, it becomes apparent that the investigation of anthropologists had come up to wrong conclusions. The greatest mistake according to Mann is the assumption that many historians made assuming that the Indians had no history before the arrival of Columbus on the continent. Mann looked at the history before Columbus from various points of views, and ended up making a specific kind of anthropological revolution. According to the investigations that he made about the life of the contemporaries and the field of culture showed that the Indians took proper and

O2 trans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

O2 trans - Essay Example For such a reason, chemical engineering based on this models treats the circulatory system as a chemical process, with the heart as an ultimate pump and blood vessels acting as pipes. However, the body which is termed as a chemical plant in this perspective since it is accorded with both the output and input systems and allows us to use mathematical equation for modeling oxygen transport. On the other hand, it is of great value to know the term diffusion and convection and towards learning and calculation of the rate of oxygen transport within a human body. This convection is much more dominant in the larger blood vessel like arteries. Also, diffusion occurs more likely within dominant small blood vessel including veins and capillaries. The entire breathing system often begins begin from the nose towards lungs, before finally dissolving in the water lining composed of alveoli. Oxygen hence clings into the red blood cells as they bypass through the alveoli capillaries. The entire circulatory system is mainly responsible for the transport of substances throughout the body. It transports water, oxygen and nutrients to billions of the body cells as well as carrying away of wastes that includes carbon dioxide produced by the body during the entire excretion process. It one of the most amazing highway that revolves through an individual’s entire body while connecting all the available body cells. The heart, lungs, and blood vessels work together towards forming the circular segment of the entire circulatory system. The heart plays a distinct role of pumping blood and keeping of the blood flow throughout an individual’s body. Blood vessels assist in transportation of blood from the heart to all the destined places. Their main role is to the aspect of oxygen transportation from outside into the entire bloodstream, and the release of carbon dioxide from bloodstream into the ultimate

Developing a Philosophy, Goals, and Objectives Term Paper

Developing a Philosophy, Goals, and Objectives - Term Paper Example tatement and it points out the principles and attitudes that guide decision making, then the health centers philosophy should read: We recognize the needs of our poor and diverse community and offer care reverential of our clients traditions, culture, economic status, and religious conviction. According to Kenny (2012, p. 43), "In practice, organizational objectives are what the organization wants from its key stakeholders". The major stakeholders of Mountain View Health Center include patients, the community, and community based organizations (Laureate Education, 2013b). In this respect, the objective should read: To create a health care delivery system that encourages and supports high quality and affordable care to the community and migrant workers. On the basis of the needs of the community and migrant workers, the goal should read: To recognize electronic medical records as a fundamental factor that could improve health care quality at lower costs. In terms of insights, I have learnt that achieving projected outcomes is dependent on the way goals and objectives are formulated and implemented. This is due to the fact philosophy, goals, and objectives of an organization provides direction (Lorenzi, 2011). In other words, the organization is able to identify areas to direct resources as well as attention in order to achieve the intended results. In a nutshell, organizational philosophies, goals, and objectives guides the decision making process as it helps the organization identify where to direct

Movie Concept Proposal Essay Example for Free

Movie Concept Proposal Essay The gender of the target audience I believe would mostly be males because in gangster films, males take the prominent role and women are sometimes degraded in the roles they play. For our film, the gender of the target audience would mainly be males, though females could be attracted to the film also. 4. Background: I. Time:1949-1980 II. Place:Taipei III. Event or specific social context:In December 1949, Chiang evacuated his government to Taiwan and made Taipei the temporary capital of the ROC (also called the wartime capital by Chiang Kai-shek). Some 2 million people, consisting mainly of soldiers, members of the ruling Kuomintang and the intellectual and business elites, were evacuated from mainland China to Taiwan at that time, adding to the earlier population of approximately six million. After the 228 Incident, the conflicts between the benshengren and waishengren turn white hot. The different goals of the Chinese Nationalists and the Taiwanese, coupled with cultural and language misunderstandings served to further inflame tensions on both sides. The early Han Chinese immigrants known as the benshengren (Chinese: ; literally home-province person) in Chinese, which often referred to native Taiwanese in English, but the term is also frequently used for the Taiwanese aborigines. The people who emigrated from mainland China after 1945 known as waishengren. 5. Characters:(1) Xiang( ) (2) Shin( ) (3) Mei( ) (4) Li( )Xiang’s father (6) Han( )Shin’s father 6. Scenario:The relationship between Xiang, Shin and Mei was just a case of playmates in their childhood. Xiang’s father, Li, was one of the soldiers who evacuated from mainland China to Taiwan at 1949. One day, when Li was working at canny plant, he met Hua, a beautiful Hak-ka girl, and then they fell in love. Xiang was born in 1954, Taipei. Xiang’s family and Shin’s family lived next door; as a result, they became best friends. When they got to elementary school, they met Mei. They didnt keep anything from each other. After Graduated from elementary school, they entered a school in which most of the students were born locally. As one of only three non-locals in Xiang’s class, he became a frequent target of bullying; he and fellow students with roots in the mainland began to form gangs for their own protection. He didn’t know why, and He was confused that why those local students hate him. He swore to take their revenge on those who bullied him. He joined a local gang at 12, and United Bamboo Association (uniting all the non-local gangs to stand up against another local gang) was created a couple of years later. The friendship between Xiang and Shin was broken. After few years, Shin became a cup and Mei married him†¦ This is a story about love and hatred between them and also the struggles about family, nation and gangster. 7. Main Issues: (1) the contradiction and struggles between Benshengren and Waishengren (2) the struggles and conflicts between friendship and gangster (3) the love and hatred between young people (4) the grief of nobody in the great era (5) Cooperation and Symbiosis is the only way for a Healthy Taiwan 8. Marketing Strategy: (1) Where:Focus on metropolis. Taipei, New Taipei City, Taichung, Tainan and Kaohsiung. (2) How: (a) Starting up to a year before the release of a major studio movie, distributors run movie trailers that are meticulously edited and audience-tested. The idea is to give moviegoers a taste of the laughs, special effects and plot twists of the studios upcoming releases, while leaving them wanting more. (b) About the same time that the first trailers hit the theaters, the movie studio will unveil an official Web site for the film. Typical movie Web sites allow visitors to view multiple versions of the trailer, watch behind-the-scenes interviews and mini-documentaries, read plot synopses, download cell-phone ringtones and desktop wallpaper, play games, and chat in forums and even pre-order tickets. (c) As the release date of the film draws closer, try to get early favorable press coverage in newspapers, magazines and on entertainment TV shows. (d) To bombard the public with so many images and promos for the movie that it becomes a cant miss event. Plaster the sides of buses with huge ads, run tons of teaser trailers on TV, place full-page ads in major newspapers and magazines, and the movies stars will show up on all of the major talk shows. (e) Place rich, interactive ads on the Web sites most trafficked by their target audience. They can also release behind-the-scenes clips, and other viral videos on video-sharing sites like YouTube. 9. Poster Design (pictures amp; copywriting) The characters in the poster from left to right are Xiang, Mei and Shin. In the poster, the Chinese word â€Å"Yi†(? )means the loyalty in friends or gangster, where is Xiang’s second family, just like his home. The historical novel â€Å"Romance of the Three Kingdoms† glorified Guan Yu by portraying him as a righteous and loyal warrior. Guan Yu was one of the most altered and aggrandized characters in the novel, which accounted for his popular image in Chinese society. As a result, I used the image of â€Å"Guan Gong† to represent the meaning of â€Å"Yi†, which also means loyalty in Chinese word.

The Role And Importance Of Palliative Care Nursing Essay

The Role And Importance Of Palliative Care Nursing Essay When the patient has serious illness like cancer and came to the hospital and complaining from pain, anorexia and fatigue at this time what can he is suppose to do? The answer of this question is in the definition of palliative care. What is palliative care? Palliative care according to (World Health Organization [WHO], 2010) it is a medical profession stand up to helps the patients and families to come over the pain and other problems like physical, psychosocial and spiritual with life-threatening illness. This can be done by the prevention and relief of suffering and early assessment and treatment of pain. Palliative care according to (Get palliativecare.org, 2010) is provided by a team of professionals working together with your primary doctor. It is appropriate at any point in a serious illness and can be provided at the same time as treatment that is meant to cure. Moreover, patient in the end of life can face and experience a host of distressing symptoms such as pain, dyspnea, and delirium are reported to be among the most feared and burdensome. Also, pain can be influenced by many factors, including the patients prior experience with pain, meaning given to pain, emotional stresses, family, and culture influences (Mcphee papadakis, 2009). (Mcphee papadakis ,2009,p.70) stated that the common problem for patients at the end of life up to 75% of patients dying of cancer is the pain and it is what people say they fear most about dying. Therefore, nurses must be aware about the barriers to good care ,which including the lack of knowledge about the proper selection and dosing of analgesic medication ,limited training and clinical experience with pain management, addiction which can occurs if the patient and caregivers misused the medicines (Mcphee papadakis, 2009). In addition, there are 20 reasons can make the palliative care difficult to the nurses (Becker, 2010). I am going to mention some reasons; Shortage of staff. Shortage of nursing staff is one of the reasons which can make the palliative care difficult. In my experience in the hospital where I was working the staff nurses are in limited numbers , especially in the word the staff nurse can handle 9-12 patients some of these patients are having cancers and some time one staff nurse for 6 rooms each room has 5-7 patients!. Cancers patients cannot bear the pain and the staff nurse wants to do other work like inserting intravenous fluid for diabetic patient with hypoglycemia, so how the nurse can concentrate in doing that? Here the staff has to prioritize her work, some staff nurses finding difficulty to do that. Therefore the hospitals administration has to find and create a policy change in response to the nursing shortage as supported by Twigg , Duffield , Thompson Rapley (2010). In addition to that, as Abrahm(2010) stated that due to shortage of staff palliative care in oncologists, intensivists, advanced cardiac, pulmonary, renal, and hepatic diseases needs to be improved. Lack of knowledge of some medications and symptoms control. There were 146 surveys distributed to care providers from multiple settings. Out 135 0f 146 reported that there are several problems can make the palliative care difficult like poor pain and symptoms control, lack of education for care providers as stated by Sellick , Charles , Dagsvik , Kelley (1996) The availability of clear polices in dealing with death issues. In my experience only in some hospitals we can find clear polices in dealing with death issues especially brain death , this matter can involve many elements like; patient himself if he/she recommended before death if his/her brain died the caregiver can remove the supporting equipments, family according to the religion. So the staff nurse must be a wear about many religions. In understanding of the reasons and finding solutions to make the difficulties easier to the nurses can make too much improvement in quality of life. Quality of life can be affected by the level of education in heart failure patients. Patients with high education level often can improve more than low education level which usually reported to care givers in bad physical and functional condition as supported by Barbareschi, Sanderman, Leegte, van Veldhuisen Jaarsma (2011). In addition, there are two factors are related to quality of life in heart failure patients, demographic and clinical. Also physical excises one of the main elements of disease management program. (Jaarsma, Johansson, Agren , Strà ¶mberg ,2010) I want to stress in one point from my experience I did not see patient with heart failure has been cured totally from the disease, so I think the palliative care can play role to help this patient to enhance his quality of life. For example, one of the patients I was taking care of him he told me I am useless now! So for this type of patients I have to help him to move this idea from his mind, and let him to understand that the life did not end yet and we are finding developments in medical field, and give him task and encourage him to do it, after of compilation I have to enhance the feeling which he can feel it and let him to understand that he is worthfull and useful. Since I chose the heart failure I want to mention how the staff nurse can manage the pain in this case, which include: Pharmacologic treatment: like angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ÃŽÂ ²-blockers, diuretics, and possibly aldosterone antagonists and angiotensin receptor blockers (Lewis, Heitkemper, Dirksen, OBrien Bucher, 2007). Diet and body weight: the recommended diet for these patients is low sodium diet to reduce body edema; recording upon admission body weight can detect the body weight if increased or no (Lewis et al., 2007). Behavioral and lifestyle management: exercise/physical activity: as stated by Benetti, Araujo, Santos (2010) exercises can improve the quality of life for heart failure. Therefore, the nurses must promote home and community-based care by taking the responsibility and contribute in education of patient and involve him to implement the therapeutic procedure to improve the quality of life. Teaching the patients and family how the progression of the disease is influenced by compliance with the treatment plan (Johnson, 2008, p.428). One of the most important points in improving quality of life as human being in my point of view is being opened to others .By this way the person can share others experience which can teach him/her something can change or improve the quality of life. In addition to that some patients need spiritual support which can make the life of some patients running in smooth way as supported by Hegarty , Abernethy , Olver Currow (2011). Also, the quality of life can enhanced by the disable patients rehabilitation. As will as, mixing patients with disabilities in right and balance way can improve the quality life as supported by (Fadyl, McPherson Kayes, 2011). So how the caregivers can measure the quality of life? The relationship among patients and families with caregivers can detect the quality of life as Hasson-Ohayon, Roe, Kravetz, Levy-Frank Meir (2011) stated in their article. And, in my opinion quality of life is not easy to measure it because different criteria. The quality of life can make the measurement is so complicated, but generally speaking the improvement of individual health can indicate in quality of life. Conclusion: The palliative care profession is can plays important role in professional healths fields by helping the patients and families to understand the serious illness and how to manage and improve the quality of life .By educating the nursing staff and they must be in university level in both arts and sciences (McEwen willss, 2007). As deeply supported by Henderson theory which stressing on the important of education for the nurses. In addition to that the caregiver should try their best to improve the quality of life which can lead to improve the palliative care, by understanding each individual is unique in many aspects and trying to deal differently accordingly. The hospitals managers should understand the teamworks conflict and create polices to solve the shortage of nursing staff can enhance the palliative care to reach to optimal quality of patients life.

Looking At The Social Problems Of Racism

Looking At The Social Problems Of Racism Racism was a pressing social problem long before the emergence of the digital age. Earlier, the proliferation of hate crimes was tied to geography of the place, but due to the advent of modern technologies, the proliferation of hate crimes and hate belief can be unlimited transfer in the world through the internet. Therefore, the advancement of digital communication technologies has added a new dimension to the racist problem by making the racial hatred materials easily accessible. Through the internet, authors are free to post anything directly into the public domain where there is a potential readership of millions of people. This is totally different from publishing a book or newspaper article, where the author is subject to the discipline and control of an editor. Thus, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to exclude from the internet those who would seek to distribute potentially offensive material via its various facilities.  [1]  The object of this essay is to discuss the regulation of racial content on the Internet. Firstly, it will explore how the racist content being governed by the United States, Europe country as well as International level and then goes on to examine the problems in regulating racist content on the internet. The final part of the essay will focus on how to solve those problems. In the late 1990s, every country started to apply their anti-racist legislation to the Internet, based upon the principle that what is illegal off-line is illegal online.  [2]  Nevertheless, legal strategies for combating racial hatred content differ from country to country.  [3]   In the United States, the First Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the Congress from making laws which respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, infringing on the freedom of speech and infringing on the freedom of the press.  [4]  Thus, US law has been criticised for constitutionally protecting racist and xenophobic propaganda since public authorities are forbidden from interfering in the content of such communications. Besides, there is no clear guidance as to what constitutes a hate speech crime in cyberspace from the United States Supreme Court and what is under the protection of freedom of speech.  [5]   On the other hand, Europe countries adopted a different way to solve this problem. According to Article 10 of European Convention on Human Rights, right of free speech is not absolute; it is subject to the consideration of morality, internal security and public safety. No protection is given to speeches that deny or lead to the destruction of human dignity or others Convention right by virtue of Article 17. Moreover, the Council of Europe Recommendation on Hate Speech  [6]  called upon member States to take appropriate steps to combat hate speech by ensuring that such steps form part of a comprehensive approach to the phenomenon which also targets its social, economic, political, cultural, and other root causes.  [7]  As the racist problem is becoming more serious over the internet, the Convention on Cybercrime treaty was drawn up by the Council of Europe which signed by thirty-eight European countries, including United States, Japan, Canada and South Africa. However, the Con vention failed to reach a substantial international agreement on racist speech standards. For instance, The U.S. delegation refuses to sign the treaty as such provision is not complying with its constitutional protection of free speech. Thus, the members decided to make these controversial provisions subject to a separate Protocol.  [8]  The Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime focus on the criminalization of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems. The purpose of the Additional Protocol is to harmonize substantive criminal law in the fight against racism and xenophobia on the Internet and to improve international cooperation in this area. As regards to the international legal regime, there are numerous international instruments which attempt to address the problem of racism. These include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1963) (ICERD), the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (1966) (ICCPR), the International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1976) (ICESCR), the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979) (CEDAW), the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid (1973) (Apartheid Convention). With respect to racism and xenophobia, one of the specific challenges arises from national differences in free speech protection.  [9]  As different jurisdictions internationally may not recognize the actionable form of racial hatred content, it is not easy to criminalize them if they are protected under various national freedom provisions. For instance, marketing Nazi memorabilia is legal under the First Amendment in the United States, whereas it is illegal in Germany. Even Europe citizens are willing to accept that freedom of speech does not immunise statement that intended to incite hatred and discrimination; US citizens strongly support their First Amendment which affords a citizens right to freedom of speech a higher status than other rights.  [10]  The U.S. Supreme Court has declared that the government cannot censor freedom of speech whether it is expression on the Internet or public speech or information on print or broadcast media. All Web sites in the U.S. are viewe d within the traditional limits of the Constitution. As illustrated by the case of Yahoo! Inc. v La Ligue Contre Le Racisme et LAntisemitisme,  [11]  it is a complex issue when nations with conflicting laws confront each other on the internet. Due to the lack of the international standard for the term racial discrimination, it is difficult to introduce effective criminal sanctions and enforce them strictly. Racist and xenophobic material was defined by the Additional Protocol as any written material, any image or any other representation of ideas or theories, which advocates, promotes or incites hatred, discrimination or violence, against any individual or group of individuals, based on race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin, as well as religion if used as a pretext for any of these factors.  [12]  However, it is hard to draw a line between forms of prejudice such as racism, on the one hand; and emotions such as hate. Racism is a wrongheaded prejudice that deserves to be contested, whereas hatred is not objectionable in itself. Its simply an emotion, and it can be an entirely legitimate and appropriate emotion at that. In fact, the discussions about hate speech and hate crimes tend to muddle these two thing s. The Council of Europe uses the word hatred, in the context of the Additional Protocol to the Convention On Cybercrime, to mean intense dislike or enmity.  [13]  But are right-thinking people not entitled to feel intense dislike or enmity towards racists?  [14]  Furthermore, some criticized that content regulation by the Additional Protocol to the Convention On Cybercrime is frightening in its scope as the Bible or the Quran could fall afoul of such all encompassing censorship.  [15]   In addition, the nature of the Internet makes the limitation of national sovereignty exist in reality. As we know each country does have his interest and problem, it is hard to have a consensus on the judicial attitude toward racial hatred content. United States refused to adopt anti-hate speech laws is not because of the notion of American exceptualism, rather it is mainly because to control hate speech would contravene the First Amendment.  [16]  But when one states cannot or does not want to control the content of the web sites based on its territory, it will become the safe harbour for those wish to carry out particular forms of antisocial behaviour such as the distribution of pornography, the peddling of hate speech, or the sending of unsolicited spam message.  [17]  Consequently, the other states may face difficulty to exercise their control over their web sites. With the United States legally unable to sign the Additional Protocol, it fundamentally undermines the effec tiveness of the Protocol.  [18]   In order to tackle racial hatred content on the internet, law enforcement is the basic mechanism that should be employed. First of all, there is a need to have a global definition as to what constitutes hate speech or racist. Besides, the use of an international legal regime to tackle racial discrimination is highly recommended as this approach will give people a chance to have their cases heard in an international arena. This is very important especially when all local means of legal redress have been exhausted.  [19]  Further, law enforcement agencies dealing with cyber hate must possess necessary knowledge and skill in order to adapt this technical, fast and ever changing environment. Therefore, comprehensive training must be given from time to time. In addition, we should have a regulation like the European Directive on E-commerce, which limits the liability of ISPs for the content they host or to which they give access. This Directive is totally different from the United States law which grant complete immunity to ISPs.  [20]  Once obtaining actual knowledge that it is hosting illegal content, the provider need to remove the illegal content as soon as possible otherwise the hosting provider could be held liable.  [21]  This provision is very efficient for tackling illegal content since ISPs are eager to ensure the benefit of immunity. This is also true as most of the U.S. ISPs do have assets in Europe.  [22]  Furthermore, American ISPs that act in such a manner will be protected by the Good Samaritan provision under the Communication Decency Act which protects ISPs that voluntarily take action to restrict access to or availability of material that they consider to be obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, excessively vi olent, harassing, or otherwise objectionable.  [23]  The combination of the European Directive and the Good Samaritan provision make it possible for Europe to reach American Internet companies with business interests in Europe, despite the First Amendment shield.  [24]  Such a tool has already been used by Germany against eBay pertaining to the sale of Nazi songs, books and clothing.  [25]  After being notified, eBay disabled the access to the controversial items immediately without any delay.  [26]   Cyber hate is a global phenomenon and cannot be settled via a local strategy. Thus, it requires an international approach to establish legal norms that respect national conventions but ensure cooperation between agencies and governments.  [27]  There should be better international co-operation and co-ordination by those NGOs and other private organizations monitoring the use of the Internet for hateful and terroristic purposes as suggested by Brian Marcus.  [28]  The International Network Against Cyber Hate, through partnership with the Anti-Defamation League is a good example as to how international co-operation between non-governmental groups in the United States and the rest of the world can work together to combat on common issues that raised by the internet.  [29]   Besides, internet providers and hosts should incorporate code of conduct in their Terms of Service and Acceptable Use Policies that includes agreed-upon definitions and/or broad rules on what types of materials they will not host and what types of materials are illegal, this is crucial by making codes of conduct enforceable and moving towards internationally consistent minimum rules.  [30]  There are a lot of US-based companies have such exemplary models that could be followed to encourage this industry-based self-regulation.  [31]  In addition, any such efforts must be truly voluntary because any sort of government involvement in any self-regulation effort will not be able to avoid raising questions about possible coercion no matter how benign such involvement might seem.  [32]   Since the task of assessing the legality or illegality of specific data is difficult for Internet providers, there is a need to have a hotline such as UK Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) by enabling the public to response to racial hatred content on the Internet that they find of substantial concern.  [33]  These hotlines can help in ensuring effective and appropriate action be taken if the reported content is potentially illegal. In fact, so long as an ISP acted to take down on notice it could satisfactorily claim immunity as a host from liability.  [34]  Thus, the availability of hotline has to be widely publicized on the Internet as well as in traditional mass media. In addition, International cooperation between hotline is required to have effective action across boundaries in cases where the reported content is not hosted in that particular country. This also helps to overcome problems in the complex diplomatic procedures required for cross-border cooperation of law enfor cement authorities.  [35]   While ISPs and other organizations that host Web sites can restrict hate speech by taking down illegal content, racial content can also be restricted on the other end, by using a filter or other software that denies the Web user the ability to access sites containing those contents.  [36]  One technology that can be used to screen out unacceptable content is the Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS) which proposed by the World Wide Web Consortium.  [37]  PICS can rate the content of Web sites based on a number of factors, such as violence or language. A Web site can voluntarily rate itself using the PICS criteria. Besides, the product called SurfWatch can be used to filters out hate speech and the filtering software product called Bess can blocks online content that advocates discrimination against others based on race, religion, gender, nationality or sexual orientation.  [38]  Thus, web users have the right to choose not to look at racist or hate content, even Bigots have the right to post them. No self-regulatory mechanism can work independently without an education and awareness campaign. The Internet industry should work together with government agencies to provide general awareness of self-regulatory systems such as filtering systems and hotlines. Such a campaign should be directed at children and parents as well as a general campaign involving society at large. School play an essential part in helping children to acquire and develop the knowledge and skills to understand the benefits and problematic Internet content. Therefore, the information shared between monitoring groups should be made widely available, and posted on the Internet so it can be shared freely to help parents and educators recognize hate sites on the Internet.  [39]   As suggested by Durban Declaration, the Internet itself can be an effective tool in the fight against racism. Therefore, the Internet industry should work in conjunction with government agencies as well as private bodies to create awareness and promoting attitude change about discrimination. In conclusion, the regulation of racial content on the internet is in its infancy. It is a global phenomenon which cannot be tackled alone by a single country. In fact, given the global and borderless architecture of the Internet, no single approach can provide a solution to tackle racial hatred content on the internet. It must bear in mind that racism was there since time immemorial, it does not exist because of internet, thus education is a crucial tool in combating racism, racial discrimination and xenophobia. Therefore, I would share the view of Dr Karen Mock and Lisa Armony that the fight against racism and hatred on the Internet will be won through increased efforts to incorporate Holocaust education, multiculturalism, anti-racist, and human rights education in the schools.  [40]  

Ballistics :: essays research papers

In 1784, someone using a flintlock pistol shot Edward Culshaw. In those days, there were no bullets, as we know them. Gunpowder and a ball of lead were put into the gun’s muzzle and packed with paper wadding. A spark made when the gun’s hammer struck some flint at the back end of the barrel ignited the powder. When the constable examined Culshaw’s wound, he found a piece of newspaper used as wadding to pack the powder in the killer’s gun. The prime suspect in the killing was a man named John Toms. When a piece of newspaper found in Toms’ pocket was compared with the piece found in the wound, the pieces fit together like two pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Based on the evidence, Toms was easily convicted. The Toms case was probably the first in America in which ballistics was used to solve a crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Much like in Toms case, most investigations start with a crime having been committed. Forensic ballistics and firearm investigation start when there are bullets, cartridges, a weapon, or any combination of the above found at a crime scene. With the evidence, a crime lab can search for clues on these items that could lead to a suspect or possibly prove that the items were used in the crime. By comparing the markings on bullets or cartridges found at the scene with those fired from a suspect’s weapon, a ballistics expert can often determine if the rounds came from the same weapon. Just the act of cycling a cartridge through a weapon without firing it can leave permanent scratches in the case that are unique to the weapon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a suspect’s weapon is examined in the lab, it will be test fired into a box filled with cotton or a tank of water to provide the examiner with the bullets and cartridges with a known history. Using a microscope, the known cartridges are compared with the ones in question. With some patience, skill, and a little luck, experts can definitively say that a certain firearm and no other fired this bullet, or ejected this cartridge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The value of luck cannot be overstated. A bullet may leave the muzzle of a weapon at over a thousand feet per second and slam into a concrete wall. This may deform the round beyond all recognition. Just about anything can and does happen to flying projectiles.

Sociology of The Simpsons :: Sociology Essays

Sociology of the Simpsons The definition of what consitutes a â€Å"familyâ€Å" has definatly changed over time. Usually, what constitutes making up a family is relative to a specific culture, but as always, there are exceptions to the rule. Ever since the golden age of television had sprung upon American culture, it has tried to mimic the "ideal" American family through it's programming. Even as early as the 1950's, television producers made programming that would represent what exactly the ideal American family was. Take for example the show "Leave It to Beaver". There was a father figure, his job, or responsibility rather, was to financially support the family, while being an exemplary father to his children. The mother on the other hand, was solely responsible for being a typical housewife, while not neglecting the rearing of her children. The children did not have any real responsibility, but they respected their parents and attempted to stay out of trouble. Television shows for the most part in this early era of programming followed among these guidelines. However, it is not in a drama that American family life is best represented in the 1990's. Instead, it is in the animated series, "The Simpsons". "The Simpsons" follows suit with the other dramas that reflected the decade in which they aired. According to the U.S. consensus for March 1998, the majority of households in America are married couples (U.S. Consensus pp. 1, 3,4,6). The Simpson's meet this. Also according to the consensus, the average married couple has approximately 2.6 children per household (U.S. Consensus, Household Characteristics p.1). Since there cannot be six-tenths of a child, I will round up to three children, in which the Simpson family has: Bart, Lisa and Maggie. Also, the average American is a blue-collar worker. The father figure, Homer, meets this factor with his job at the nuclear power plant within his hometown of Springfield. So according to the statistics, the Simpson family could be considered an average American family. Homer Simpson is the father figure of the household, whose responsibilities include financially supporting the household, since he is the household's primary source of income. He has his flaws like any person would, but somehow he and his family tend to work it out. Some of his mishaps are very similar to those that most of us have had to face.

Analysis of Cloud Computing Architectures

Laptops, PDA, and Smoothness's). Computational power and battery life s one of the major issues of these mobile devices. To overcome these problems clones of mobile devices are created on cloud servers. In this paper, we define clone cloud architecture and brutalized screen architecture in cloud computing. Clone Cloud is for the seamless use of ambient computation to augment mobile device applications, making them fast and energy efficient and in a Brutalized Screen; screen rendering is done in the cloud and delivered as images to the client for interactive display.This enables thin-client mobile devices to enjoy many computationally intensive and graphically rich services. Keywords: Cloud Computing, Service Models, Clone Cloud, Brutalized Screen l. Introduction Cloud Computing has been one of the most booming technology among the professional of Information Technology and also the Business due to its Elasticity in the space occupation and also the better support for the software and the Infrastructure it attracts more technology specialist towards it.Cloud plays the vital role in the Smart Economy, and the possible regulatory changes required in implementing better Applications by using the potential of Cloud The main advantage of the cloud is that it gives the low cost implementation for infrastructure and some higher business units like Google, MM, and Microsoft offer the cloud for Free of cost for the Education system, so it can be used in right way which will provide high quality education [3]. A.Cloud Computing Service Models Cloud computing can be classified by the model of service it offers into one of three different groups. These will be described using the AAAS taxonomy, first used by Scott Maxwell in 2006, where â€Å"X† is Software, Platform, or Infrastructure, and the final â€Å"S† is for Service. It is important to note, as shown in Figure, that AAAS is built on Pass, and the latter on alas. Hence, this is not an excluding approach to classification, but rather it concerns the level of the service provided.Each of these service models is described in the following subsection. [pick] Fig. 1 Cloud computing Architecture 1) alas (Infrastructure as a Service): The capability provided to the customer of alas is raw storage space, computing, or network resources with which the customer can run and execute an operating system, applications, or any software that they choose. The most basic cloud service is alas [7]. In this service, cloud providers offer computers as physical or as virtual machines and other resources. Pass (Platform as a Service): In the case of Pass, the cloud provider not only provides the hardware, but they also provide a toolkit and a number of supported programming languages to build higher level services. The users of Pass are typically software developers who host their applications on the platform and provide these applications to the end-users. In this service, cloud providers deliver a com puting platform including operating system, programming languages execution environment, database and web servers. ) AAAS (Software as a Service): The AAAS customer is an end-user of complete applications running on a cloud infrastructure and offered on a platform on-demand. The applications are typically accessible through a thin client interface, such as a web browser. In this service, cloud providers install and operate application software in the cloud and cloud users access the software from cloud clients. This service is based on the concept of renting software from a service provider rather than buying it.It is currently the most popular type of cloud computing because of its high flexibility, great services, enhanced capability and less maintenance. B. Deployment Models Clouds can also be classified based upon the underlying infrastructure deployment del as Public, Private, Community, or Hybrid clouds. The different infrastructure deployment models are distinguishing by thei r architecture, the location of the data center where the cloud is realized, and the needs of the cloud provider's customers [4]. Several technologies are related to cloud computing, and the cloud has emerged as a convergence of several computing trends. ) Types of Cloud Computing Environments: The cloud computing environment can consist of multiple types of clouds based on their deployment and usage [6]. Public Clouds This environment can be used by the general public. This includes individuals, corporations and other types of organizations. Typically, public clouds are administrated by third parties or vendors over the Internet, and services are offered on pay-per-use basis. These are also called provider clouds. Private Clouds A pure private cloud is built for the exclusive use of one customer, who owns and fully controls this cloud.Additionally, there are variations of this in terms of ownership, operation, etc. The fact that the cloud is used by a specific customer is the disti nguishing feature of any private cloud. This cloud computing environment sides within the boundaries of an organization and is used exclusively for the organization's benefits. These are also called internal clouds. Community Clouds When several customers have similar requirements, they can share an infrastructure and might share the configuration and management of the cloud.Hybrid Clouds Finally, any composition of clouds, be they private or public, could form a hybrid cloud and be managed a single entity, provided that there is sufficient commonality between the standards used by the constituent clouds. II. AUGMENTED EXECUTION OF SMART PHONES USING CLONE CLOUDS B Chunk,[10] introduce the concept of clone cloud. The idea of introducing this concept is to improving the performance of hardware limited smart phones by using their proposed clone cloud architecture.The core method is using virtual machine migration technology to offload execution blocks of applications from mobile devic es to Clone Cloud. Clone Cloud boosts unmodified mobile applications by off-loading the right portion of their execution onto device clones operating in a computational cloud. Conceptually, our system automatically transforms a single-machine execution (e. G. , computation on a smart phone) into a distributed execution optimized for the outwork connection to the cloud, the processing capabilities of the device and cloud, and the application's computing patterns.The underlying motivation for Clone Cloud lies in the following intuition: as long as execution on the clone cloud is significantly faster than execution on the mobile device (or more reliable, more secure, etc. ), paying the cost for sending the relevant data and code from the device to the cloud and back may be worth it [9]. Ill. CLONE CLOUD ARCHITECTURE The design goal for Clone Cloud is to allow such fine-grained flexibility on what to run where. Another design goal is to take the programmer out of the business of applica tion partitioning [10].In a Clone Cloud system, the ‘Clone' is a mirror image of a Semaphore running on a virtual machine. By contrast with smart phones, such a ‘clone' has more hardware, software, network, energy resources in a virtual machine which provides more suitable environment to process complicated tasks. In the diagram, a task in smart phone is divided into 5 different execution blocks (we mark them as different colors), and the smart phone is cloned (brutalized) as an image in distributed computing environment. Then the image passes some computing or energy-intensive blocks (the Green blocks) to cloud for processing.Once those execution blocks have been completed, the output will be passed from Clone Cloud to the Semaphore [11]. [pick] Fig. 2 Clone Cloud Architecture A major advantage of the Clone Cloud is enhanced smart phones performance. Bung takes a test by implementing a face tracking application in a smart phone with and without Clone Cloud. The result s hows that only 1 second is spent in Clone Cloud environment but almost 100 seconds in the smart phone without Clone Cloud. Another advantage of Clone Cloud is reduced battery consumption as smart phones o not use its CPU as frequently.The disadvantages of Clone Cloud are handover delay, bandwidth limitation. As we know that the speed of data transmission between smart phones and base station is not consistent (according to the situation), therefore, the Clone Cloud will be unavailable if mobile users walk in the signal's blind zone. A. Evaluation of Applications To evaluate the Clone Cloud Prototype, Bung-Goon Chunk [10] implemented three applications. We ran those applications either on a phone?a status quo, monolithic execution?or by optimally partitioning for two settings: one with Wi-If connectivity and one with 36.We implemented a virus scanner, image search, and privacy- preserving targeted advertising. The virus scanner scans the contents of the phone file system against a li brary of 1000 virus signatures, one file at a time. We vary the size of the file system between KBPS and 10 MBA. The image search application finds all faces in images stored on the phone, using a face-detection library that returns the mid-point between the eyes, the distance in between, and the pose of detected faces.We only use images smaller than KBPS, due to memory limitations of the Android face-detection library. We vary the number of images from 1 to 100. The privacy-preserving targeted- advertising application uses behavioral tracking across websites to infer the user's preferences, and selects ads according to a resulting model; by doing this tracking at the user's device, privacy can be protected. 1) Time Save Fig. 3 Mean execution times of virus scanning (VS.), image search (IS), and behavior profiling (BP) applications with standard deviation error bars, three input sizes for each.For each application and input size, the data shown include execution time at the phone al one, that of Clone Cloud with Wi-If (C-Wi-If), and that of Clone Cloud tit 36 (C-G). The partition choice is annotated with M for â€Å"monolithic† and O for â€Å"off-loaded,† also indicating the relative improvement from the phone alone execution 2) Energy Save Fig. 4 Mean phone energy consumption of virus scanning (VS.), image search (IS), and behavior profiling (BP) applications with standard deviation error bars, three input sizes for each.For each application and input size, the data shown include execution time at the phone alone, that of Clone Cloud with Wi-If (C-Wi-If), and that of Clone Cloud with 36 (C-G). The partition choice is annotated with M for â€Å"monolithic† and O for â€Å"off-loaded,† also indicating relative improvement over phone only execution. Fig. 3 and 4 shows execution times and phone energy consumption for the three applications, respectively. All measurements are the average of five runs. Each graph shows Phone, Clone Cloud with Wi-If (C-Wi-If), and Clone Cloud with 36 (C-G).C- Wi-If and C-G results are annotated with the relative improvement and the partitioning choice, whether the optimal partition was to run monolithically on the phone (M) or to off-load to the cloud (O). In the experiments, Wi-If had latency of moms and bandwidth of 6. Mbps, and 36 had latency of mass, and bandwidth of 0. Mbps. Clone Cloud chooses to keep local the smallest workloads from each application, deciding to off-load 6 out of 9 experiments with Wi-If. With 36, out of all 9 experiments, Clone Cloud chose to off-load 5 experiments.For off-loaded cases, each application chooses to offload the function that performs core computation from its worker thread: scanning files for virus signature matching for VS., performing image processing for IS, and computing similarities for BP. C Wi-If exhibits significant speed-ups and energy savings: xx, xx, and lox speed-up, and xx, xx, and xx less energy for the largest workload of each of the three applications, with a completely automatic modification of the application binary without programmer input.A clear trend is that larger workloads benefit from off-loading more: this is due to amortization of the migration cost over a larger computation at the clone that receives a significant speedup. A secondary trend is that energy consumption mostly follows execution time: unless the phone switches to a deep sleep state while the application is off-loaded at the clone, its energy expenditure is proportional to how long it is waiting for a response. When the user runs a single application at a time, deeper sleep of the phone may further increase observed energy savings.We note that one exception is C-G, where although execution time decreases, energy consumption increases slightly for behavior profiling with depth 4. We believe this is due to our coarse energy cost model, and only occurs for close decisions. C-G also exhibits xx, xx, and xx speed-up, and xx, xx, and xx less energy for the largest workload of each of the three applications. Lower gains can be explained given the overhead differences between Wi-If and 36 networks. As a result, whereas gyration costs about 15-25 seconds with Wi-If, it shoots up to 40-50 seconds with 36, due to the greater latency and lower bandwidth.In both cases, migration costs include a network-unspecific thread-merge cost? patching up references in the running address space from the migrated thread?and the network-specific transmission of the thread state. The former dominates the latter for Wife, but is dominated by the latter for 36. Our current implementation uses the DEFLATE compression algorithm to reduce the amount of data to send; we expect off-loading benefits to improve with other optimizations targeting the network overheads (in reticular, 36 network overheads) such as redundant transmission elimination.B. Problem in Clone Cloud The disadvantages of Clone Cloud are [1 1] handover delay, bandwidth limit ation. As we know that the speed of data transmission between Semaphore and base station is not consistent (according to the situation), therefore, the Clone Cloud will be unavailable if mobile users walk in the signal's blind zone. Offloading all applications from Semaphore to the cloud cannot be Justified for power consumption, especially for some lightweight applications which are suitable to be deployed in local smart phones. V.BRUTALIZED SCREEN Screen rendering [1 3] can also be moved to the cloud and the rendered screen can be delivered as part of the cloud services. In general, the screen represents the whole or part of the display images. In a broad sense, it also represents a collection of data involved in user interfaces such as display images, audio data, mouse, keyboard, pen and touch inputs, and other multiplicity inputs and outputs. Screen fertilization and screen rendering in the cloud doesn't always mean putting the entire screen-rendering task in the cloud.Depending on the actual situations?such s local processing power, bandwidth and delay of the network, data dependency and data traffic, and display resolution?screen rendering can be partially done in the cloud and partially done at the clients. A. Screen Fertilization Fig. 5 The Conceptual diagram of the cloud client computing architecture. Rendering a screen in the cloud also introduces obstacles for the client devices to access the virtual screen, if it needs to maintain high-fidelity display images and responsive user interactions.Fortunately, we have already developed a number of advanced multimedia and networking technologies to address these issues. Ultimately, we would like to define a common cloud API for cloud computing with scalable screen fertilization, with which the developers never have to care where the data storage, program execution, and screen rendering actually occur because the cloud services for the API will adaptively and optimally distribute the storage, execution, an d rending among the cloud and the clients. B.Remote Computing With Brutalized Screen The cloud-computing conceptual architecture depicted in Fig 5, we have developed a thin-client, remote-computing system that leverages interactive screen-removing cosmologies. Thin-client, remote-computing systems are expected to provide high- fidelity displays and responsive interactions to end users as if they were using local machines. However, the complicated graphical interfaces and multimedia applications usually present technical challenges to thin-client developers for achieving efficient transmissions with relatively low bandwidth links.Figure depicts the proposed thin-client, remote-computing Fig. 6 The interactive screen removing system System, which decouples the application logic (remote) and the user interface local) for clients to use remote servers deployed as virtual machines in the cloud. The servers and the clients communicate with each other over a network through an interactive screen-removing mechanism. The clients send user inputs to the remote servers, and the servers return screen updates to the clients as a response.